Empowerment of Women

INTRODUCTION

“It is not possible for a bird to fly on one wing," said Swami Vivekanada, an advocate of women empowerment. The society is considered as a bird along with two wings- man and woman to fly in the air.

Empowerment of women is the way to enable them to revive their status in the society and give them equality in every walk of life. It is the process, and the outcome of the process, by which women challenge gender-based discrimination.

Need For Women Empowerment:

Since the older times, women have been treated as second rate citizens of all across the globe. The situation is almost the same everywhere irrespective of caste, community, colour or status. This situation has caused immense loss to their self-dignity as human beings and also their independent entities, associated with men, apart from other matter, in context with intellectual and professional capability. Women are deprived of:

•     Decision Making Power

•     Freedom of Movement

•     Access to Education

•     Access to Employment

•     Exposure to Media

•     Domestic Violence

Ways To Empower Women:

•     Changes in women's mobility and social interaction;

•     Changes in women's labour patterns;

•     Changes in women's access to and control over resources; and

•     Changes in women's control over decision-making.

 Empowering Woman Can Result In

•     Equality in every aspect

•     Freedom from oppression

•     Economic independence   

•     Having political power in society      

•     Self – defining power

•     Will bring Authenticity and Creativity

•     Improving their personal knowledge

Women represent half the world’s population, and gender inequality exists in every nation on the planet. Until women are given the same opportunities that men are, entire societies will be destined to perform below their true potentials .The greatest need of the hour is change of social attitude to women.

Vocational Training

Today, rising unemployment is a burning problem among educated young people in all developed and developing countries. In India it is estimated that currently there are 3-4 crores youth unemployed in India. Out of these, there are almost 40% of the people who are either matriculate or with above qualifications.

Vocational training plays an important role in preparing a skilled manpower for various technical areas. By undertaking vocational training one is equipped with a set of skills that will lead to a satisfying career path. It will also help to become a valued and needed member of any community. Knowledge is power and vocational training is a vital tool to help to gain that knowledge.

1)    Vocational training can reduce the No. of educated unemployed youths considerably. The group of youth who just completed their formal education and sitting without job can be converted to skilled workforce. 

2)    Educated unemployed with skill based training and confidence will come up for self ventures, will set up Small scale industries. This will not only give them their livelihood but also open new employment avenues for lesser educated people.

3)    The employers, who have to hire people from outside the region for specific jobs, will have the luxury of finding skillful trained labour within their region.

4)    This will give overall boost to already lagging economy of the country.

Poverty

Poverty

Poverty is one of the major problems in India. It is the root cause of many socio-economic problems including population explosion, unemployment, and child labour and rising graph of crimes. Poverty alleviation should be the main target of the nation so as to make it a prosperous and developed country.

Poverty implies a condition in which a person finds him unable to maintain a living standard adequate for his physical and mental efficiency. He even fails to meet his basic requirements. Poverty is in fact a relative concept. It is very difficult to draw a demarcation line between affluence and poverty. According to Adam Smith, “Man is rich or poor according to the degree in which he can afford to enjoy the necessaries, the conveniences and the amusements of human life.”

Total of 2.2 crores of Indian population, which constitutes 22 % of the total population, is poor, as per the findings of the National Sample Survey Organization. This makes India home to the world’s largest proportion of the poor. The problem of poverty is more in villages where more than 75% people live.

The factors which lead to poverty are many. Since India is an agricultural country and sometimes due to uncertainty and irregularity of weather, Food grains production declines which adversely affect the income generation prospect. People do not have other means of livelihood leading them to poverty.

Illiteracy constitutes a major cause of poverty. Illiteracy is one of the constraints which deprive one from opportunities to seek other forms of livelihood. It in fact forces people to stick to ancestral jobs and prevents them from having job flexibility. Growing population is a great contributor to poverty. The average size of Indian family is relatively bigger, consisting of 4.2 members. All these factors make a vicious cycle of poverty and aggravate the problems related to poverty.

Poverty is a great pollutant. Poverty makes education, balanced diet, health care facilities, etc. inaccessible. All these deprivations immensely affect the personality development of a person, thus creating wide gaps between haves and have-nots.

Since 1970s for poverty alleviation policies have been framed on improving standard of living of the people by ensuring them food security, promoting self- employment through greater access to assets, increasing wage employment and improving access to basic social services. It is with this aim that Public Distribution System was launched in 1965 to provide foodgrains to the poor at subsidised rates.

The Government of India launched the Integrated Rural Development Programme, the largest credit-based government poverty reduction programme in 1979 to provide rural households below the poverty line with credit to purchase income-generating assets. Jawahar Rozgar Yojana was launched in 1989 to provide unemployment at the statutory minimum wage for unskilled manual labour, besides low-cost housing and to supply free irrigation well to poor and marginalised farmers. Besides, a number of other programmes for poverty alleviation are being carried on by government-Central and State.

However, much more needs to be done, for India is the home to the largest poor population in the world. Basic necessities of life such as drinking water, health care facilities, etc. are still inaccessible to majority of population. In this regard community participation and awareness campaign can make a difference. The media and the NGOs, besides other institutions have crucial role to play. The machinery involved in poverty alleviation need to be accountable, sensitised and sincere. New laws have to be evolved to ensure more accountability. The lack of transparency and accountability should be there. By this way the situation is bound to change and society will be free from deprivation.

 Poverty

Poverty can be defined as the lack of adequate income to buy the basic goods for subsistence living. Poverty is of two kinds- ab­solute poverty and relative poverty.

Absolute Poverty of a person means that his income or consumption expenditure is so less that he lives below the minimum subsistence level. Because of his absolute poverty condition, he is not able to maintain his health and efficiency and, in fact he may be starving.

On the other hand, Relative Poverty merely indicates the large inequalities of income. Those who are in the lower income brackets receive less than those in the higher income groups. The people with lower incomes are relatively poor compared with those with higher incomes, even though they may be living above the minimum level of subsistence. It is absolute poverty which is a more concern of poverty in India.

Facts and Figures

As per the survey conducted in 2011-2012, the percentage of persons below the Poverty Line in India for the year 2011-12 has been estimated as 25.7% in rural areas, 13.7% in urban areas and 21.9% for the country as a whole.

The respective ratios for the rural and urban areas were 41.8% and 25.7% and 37.2% for the country as a whole in 2004-05. It was 50.1% in rural areas, 31.8% in urban areas and 45.3% for the country as a whole in 1993-94.

In 2011-12, India had 270 million persons below the Tendulkar Poverty Line as compared to 407 million in 2004-05, that is a reduction of 137 million persons over the seven year period.

This makes India home to the world’s largest proportion of the poor. The problem of poverty is more in villages where more than 75% people live.

 

Causes of Poverty in India

1. Climatic factors: Climatic conditions constitute an important cause of poverty. The hot climate of India, Frequent flood, famine, earthquake and cyclone cause heavy damage to agriculture. Moreover, absence of timely rain, excessive or deficient rain affect severely country’s agricultural production.

2. Demographic factors: The following demographic factors are accountable for poverty in India.

(i) Rapid growth of population: Rapid growth of population aggravates the poverty of the people. Population growth not only creates difficulties in the removal of poverty but also lowers the per capita income which tends to increase poverty. Population growth at a faster rate increases labour supply which tends to lower the wage rate.

(ii) Size of family: The larger the size of family, the lower is the per capita income, and the lower is the standard of living.

3. Economic causes:

(i) Low agricultural productivity: Farmers even today are following the traditional method of cultivation. Hence there is low agricultural productivity resulting in rural poverty.

(ii) Unequal distribution of land and other assets: There has been unequal distribution of land and other assets in our economy. The size-wise distribution of operational holdings indicates a very high degree of concentration in the hands of a few farmers leading to poverty of many in the rural sector.

(iii) Decline of village industries: Due to industrialization new factories and industries are being set up in rural areas. Village industries fail to compete with them in terms of quality and price. As a result they are closed down. The workers are thrown out of employment and lead a life of poverty.

(iv) Lackadaisical approach of villagers: The ruralites are mostly illiterate, ignorant, conservative, superstitious and fatalistic. Poverty is considered as god-given, something pre­ordained. All these factors lead to abysmal poverty in rural India.

(v) Lack of employment opportunities: Unemployment is the reflection of poverty. Because of lack of employment opportunities, people remain either unemployed or underemployed.

4. Social causes:

(i) Education: Education is an agent of social change and equality. Poor education leads to unskilled manforce. Excessive unskilled manpower has also lead to increase in poverty.

(ii) Caste system: Caste system in India has always been responsible for rural poverty. The subordination of the low caste people by the high caste people caused the poverty of the former. Due to rigid caste system, the low caste people could not participate in the game of economic progress.

(v) Growing indebtedness: In the rural sector most of the ruralites depend on borrowings from the money-lenders and land-lords to meet even their consumption expenses. Indebted poor farmers cannot make themselves free from the clutches of moneylenders. Their poverty is further accentuated because of indebtedness. Such indebted families continue to remain under the poverty line for generations because of this debt-trap.

5.  Political Causes: Being under foreign rule, India was exploited under the British regime. Due to this India remained poor. Since Independence, other political factors have adversely affected economic pro­gress. We have political leaders who have placed self before service and who do not hesitate to enrich them­selves at the cost of the country. The Indian administra­tion is known to be corrupt and inefficient. The legisla­tors would not pass laws which may help the poor but which may hit their interests

The effects of poverty may also be causes, as listed above, thus creating a "poverty cycle" operating across multiple levels, individual, local, national and global.

Characteristics of Poverty

Health: Those living in poverty suffer disproportionately from hunger or even starvation and disease. Those living in poverty suffer lower life expectancy. According to the World Health Organization, hunger and malnutrition are the single gravest threats to the world's public health and malnutrition is by far the biggest contributor to child mortality, present in half of all cases. Almost 90% of maternal deaths during childbirth occur in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, compared to less than 1% in the developed world. Those who live in poverty have also been shown to have a far greater likelihood of having or incurring a disability and Infectious diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis within their lifetime.

Hunger: Poverty brings hunger and starvation. Inability to produce food and with little or no income poor people have no option then to live in hunger. Poor people don’t have the tendency to save, neither they want to save something for bad times. In case of sudden price rise their problem starts. Still, death due to starvation makes news from African and Asian continents. In India also death due to starvation happened in drought hit Kalahandi district of Orissa.

Education: Children who are from low-income housing circumstances don’t get proper education. Such children don’t go to schools because they also had to earn bread for the family. Poverty often drastically affects children's success in school. Parents ignorance, illiteracy about their children education also devoid the education to poor.  Poor children have a great deal less healthcare and this ultimately results in many absences from the academic year.

Housing: Poverty increases homelessness. Slum-dwellers, who make up a third of the world's urban population, live in poverty. In 2012 it was estimated that there are over 100 million street children worldwide. Poor people cannot afford a house because their all income goes in managing food.  

Basic Needs:  Poverty leads to the non availibility of basic needs such as clean drinking water, clean and safe environment, sanitation, electricity, cooking fuel etc. They don’t know about the government policies and are not benefitted from the policies made for them.

Violence and crime: Due to poverty, rate of crime is increasing in alarming rate. Though not all crimes are result of poverty but poverty is also responsible for increasing crime in society. Specially in urban areas theft, robbery, dacoity, shoplifting are common now. Social crimes like Prostitution, women and child trafficking are also the result of poverty.

Poverty Eradication: The various policies and measures that should be adopted as parts of the strategy to eradicate poverty in the country are-

(i) Acceleration of Economic Growth. The first and foremost element in the strategy for removal of poverty is the acceleration in the rate of economic growth. The greater the growth rate, the larger are the employment opportunities. And the expansion in employment opportunities will help in removal of poverty. Giving higher priority to agriculture and cottage and small industries will boost rapid economic growth and will help in eradication of poverty.

(ii) Rural Public Works. To provide employment to the rural people rural public works should be started on an extensive scale. The unemployed rural poor should be employed on the construction of roads, wells, irrigation tanks, canals, bunds, etc. With the help of rural public works, not only can the idle man­power be given employment and their poverty removed but capital assets and infrastructural facilities for agri­culture will also be built up, which will help in raising agricultural productivity.

(iii) Rural Industrialisation. Rural industries with their small-scale and simple technology offer much larger opportunities for employment. Besides, they do not cre­ate such difficult problems as housing, transport, over­crowding, atmospheric pollution, which the urban indus­trial centres arc already finding impossible to solve.

 (iv) Land Reforms. This is also a significant measure for the removal of poverty. By the imposition of ceilings on landholdings and their effective implemen­tation, a good amount of land can be acquired to be distributed among the landless labourers. On obtaining land, the landless labour will be able to employ them­selves and will produce subsistence for themselves.

 (vii) Provision of Common Services and Social Security. Provision of free or subsidised housing sites or houses to the poor can also relieve poverty. A network of fair price shops, especially in the rural areas, may be set up, where the necessaries of like like foodgrains, cloth, edible oils, sugar, etc., are made available to the weaker sections of society at subsidised or controlled rates. This will also have the effect on improvement of of their living standard.

(viii) Population Control. A basic ele­ment in Indians antipoverty strategy has to be population control. Unless that is done, additions to wealth produc­tion will continue to divide among fresh population. Although national income in India during the last 5 years increased at the annual average rate of 3.5 per cent, the per capita income rose at an average rate of 1.3 per cent only. This was so because of the rapid rate at which, population continued to grow. The country must intensify its family planning campaign if it is desired that all other measures suggested above for the removal of poverty should succeed.

Conclusion

The eradication of mass poverty in India is a stupendous challenge. It will require vigorous and sus­tained efforts on the above lines on the part not only of the Government but also of the people before perceptible improvement occurs. In this regard community participation and awareness campaign can make a difference. The media and the NGOs, besides other institutions have crucial role to play. The machinery involved in poverty alleviation need to be accountable, sensitised and sincere. New laws have to be evolved to ensure more accountability. The lack of transparency and accountability should be there. By this way the situation is bound to change and society will be free from deprivation.

Bhaarat ke mahaan sant

गुरू नानक सिखों के प्रथम गुरू थे । गुरु नानक देवजी का जन्म 15 अप्रैल 1469 ई. में तलवंडी रायभोय नामक स्थान पर हुआ। नानकदेवजी के जन्म के समय प्रसूति गृह अलौकिक ज्योति से भर उठा था। उनके पिता का नाम बाबा कालूचंद्र बेदी और माता का नाम त्रिपाता था  ।

बचपन से ही नानक के मन में आध्यात्मिक भावनाएँ मौजूद थीं। उनके पिता ने उन्हें पंडित हरदयाल और फिर मौलवी कुतुबुद्दीन के पास उन्हें शिक्षा ग्रहण करने के लिए भेजा। पंडित और मौलवी नानकजी की विद्वता से अति प्रभावित हुए। विद्यालय की दीवारें नानक को बाँधकर न रख सकीं। गुरु द्वारा दिया गया पाठ उन्हें नीरस और व्यर्थ प्रतीत हुआ। अंतर्मुखी प्रवृत्ति और विरक्ति उनके स्वभाव के अंग बन गए।

उस समय अंधविश्वास जन-जन में व्याप्त थे। आडंबरों का बोलबाला था और धार्मिक कट्टरता तेजी से बढ़ रही थी। नानक इन सबके विरोधी थे। जब नानक का जनेऊ संस्कार होने वाला था तो उन्होंने इसका विरोध किया।

गुरूनानक जी ने अपने अनु‍यायियों को जीवन के दस सिद्धांत दिए थे। यह सिद्धांत आज भी प्रासंगिक है।1. ईश्वर एक है। 2. सदैव एक ही ईश्वर की उपासना करो। 3. जगत का कर्ता सब जगह और सब प्राणी मात्र में मौजूद है। 4. सर्वशक्तिमान ईश्वर की भक्ति करने वालों को किसी का भय नहीं रहता। 5. ईमानदारी से मेहनत करके उदरपूर्ति करना चाहिए। 6. बुरा कार्य करने के बारे में न सोचें और न किसी को सताएँ। 7. सदा प्रसन्न रहना चाहिए। ईश्वर से सदा अपने को क्षमाशीलता माँगना चाहिए। 8. मेहनत और ईमानदारी से कमाई करके उसमें से जरूरतमंद को भी कुछ देना चाहिए। 9. सभी स्त्री और पुरुष बराबर हैं। 10. भोजन शरीर को जिंदा रखने के लिए जरूरी है पर लोभ-लालच व संग्रहवृत्ति बुरी है।

जीवनभर धार्मिक यात्राओं के माध्यम से बहुत से लोगों को सिख धर्म का अनुयायी बनाने के बाद नानकदेवजी रावी नदी के तट पर अपना डेरा जमाया और 70 वर्ष की साधना के पश्चात सन्‌ 1539 ई. में परम ज्योति में विलीन हुए।

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कबीर एक महान सन्त कवि और समाज सुधारक थे। कबीरदास भारत के भक्ति काव्य परंपरा के महानतम कवियों में से एक थे। इस संत कवि का जन्म लहरतारा के पास में सन् १३९८ में ज्येष्ठ पूर्णिमा को हुआ। एक जुलाहा परिवार ने उनका पालन पोषण किया। कुछ लोगों का कहना है कि वे जन्म से मुसलमान थे और युवावस्था में स्वामी रामानन्द के प्रभाव से उन्हें हिंदू धर्म की बातें मालूम हुईं।

वे संत रामानंद के शिष्य बने और ज्ञान की ज्योति फैलाने लगे। कबीर सीधी और खडी भाषा में किसी भी सम्प्रदाय और रूढ़ियों की परवाह किये बिना खरी बात कहते थे। कबीर ने हिंदू-मुसलमान सभी समाज में व्याप्त रूढ़िवाद तथा कट्टरपंथ का खुलकर विरोध किया। कबीर की वाणी उनके मुखर उपदेश उनकी साखी, रमैनी, बीजक, बावन-अक्षरी, उलटबासी में देखें जा सकते हैं। गुरु ग्रंथ साहब में उनके २०० पद और २५० साखियां हैं। सन् १५१८ के आस पास मगहर नामक स्थान पर अपना देह त्याग किया। मगहर में कबीर की समाधि है जिसे हिन्दू मुसलमान दोनों पूजते हैं।

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मीराबाई कृष्ण-भक्ति शाखा की प्रमुख कवयित्री हैं। उनका जन्म १५०४ ईस्वी में जोधपुर के पास मेड्ता ग्राम मे हुआ था। उनके पति कुंवर भोजराज थे, जिनका देहान्त  विवाह के कुछ समय बाद ही हो गया । पति की मृत्यु के बाद वे संसार की ओर से विरक्त हो गयीं और साधु-संतों की संगति में हरिकीर्तन करते हुए अपना समय व्यतीत करने लगीं।

ये बचपन से ही कृष्णभक्ति में रुचि लेने लगी थीं। इन्होंने जन्मजात कवियित्री न होने के बावजूद भक्ति की भावना में कवियित्री के रुप में प्रसिद्धि प्रदान की। मीरा की भक्ति में माधुर्य- भाव काफी हद तक पाया जाता था। वह अपने इष्टदेव कृष्ण की भावना प्रियतम या पति के रुप में करती थी। उनका मानना था कि इस संसार में कृष्ण के अलावा कोई पुरुष है ही नहीं। कृष्ण के रुप की दीवानी थी। मीरा के विरह गीतों में समकालीन कवियों की अपेक्षा अधिक स्वाभाविकता पाई जाती है। इन्होंने अपने पदों में श्रृंगार और शांत रस का प्रयोग विशेष रुप से किया है।

मीराबाई ने चार ग्रंथों की रचना की-- नारसी का मायरा, गीत गोविंद टीका, राग गोविंद और राग सोरठ के पद । इसके अलावा मीराबाई के गीतों का संकलन "मीराबाई की पदावली' नामक ग्रन्थ में किया गया है।

संवत १५६० ईस्वी में द्वारिका में उनका स्वर्गवास हो गया।

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नामदेव का जन्म 26 अक्तूबर,1270 ई. को महाराष्ट्र में नरसीबामनी नामक गांव में एक दर्जी परिवार में हुआ। इनके पिता का नाम दामाशेट था और माता का नाम गोणाई था।  उनके गुरु महाराष्ट्र के प्रसिद्ध संत ज्ञानेश्वर थे। उन्होंने बह्मविद्या को लोक सुलभ बनाकर उसका महाराष्ट्र में प्रचार किया तो संत नामदेवजी ने महाराष्ट्र से लेकर पंजाब तक उत्तर भारत में 'हरिनाम' की वर्षा की।

भक्त नामदेवजी का महाराष्ट्र में वही स्थान है, जो भक्त कबीरजी अथवा सूरदास का उत्तरी भारत में है। उनका सारा जीवन मधुर भक्ति-भाव से ओतप्रोत था। विट्ठल-भक्ति भक्त नामदेवजी को विरासत में मिली। उनका संपूर्ण जीवन मानव कल्याण के लिए समर्पित रहा। मूर्ति पूजा, कर्मकांड, जातपात के विषय में उनके स्पष्ट विचारों के कारण हिन्दी के विद्वानों ने उन्हें कबीरजी का आध्यात्मिक अग्रज माना है।

संत नामदेवजी ने पंजाबी में पद्य रचना भी की। भक्त नामदेवजी की बाणी में सरलता है। वह ह्रदय को बाँधे रखती है। उनके प्रभु भक्ति भरे भावों एवं विचारों का प्रभाव पंजाब के लोगों पर आज भी है। भक्त नामदेवजी के महाप्रयाण से तीन सौ साल बाद श्री गुरु अरजनदेवजी ने उनकी बाणी का संकलन श्री गुरु ग्रंथ साहिब में किया। श्री गुरु ग्रंथ साहिब में उनके 61 पद, 3 श्लोक, 18 रागों में संकलित है। ये संवत १४०७ में समाधि में लीन हो गए।

Corruption and Hunger

Corruption and Hunger

Corruption is both a major cause and a result of poverty and hunger around the world. It is increasing day by day even after enforcing various laws. It occurs at all levels of society. Sheer greed and sought of luxurious lifestyle has made our politicians and officials deeply corrupt. Poor are hardly hit by the corruption at various levels. It has lead to Price rise, Poverty and above all Hunger. Price rise has made the poor people incapable of buying even the basic food grains. Studies have revealed that poor governance and corruption is leading to widespread hunger in India and other developing nations. Here are some facts about the relation of corruption and hunger.

·                The Indian government has not given priority to food security has caused widespread hunger. The corrupt officials do not enforce the policies and programs related to the right to food for the poor. Food Security Bill has not been approved till date due to political interests of various parties.

·                Another important reason for growing hunger is poor management of food grains. Rotten food grains found in several states, that should have been delivered to the poor, shows that these Ministers and Officials care very little about the hunger of poor people.

·                India record amongst the highest child malnutrition and maternal mortality rates in Asia. The government's do not address the main causes of child malnutrition, instead often resorting to denial about the fact that malnutrition is behind the deaths of children.

·                There is complete lack of political will to ensure food self-sufficiency for the poor. Farmers are being forced to cultivate in smaller areas of land or even evicted from their land completely, increasing poverty and hunger. The government and third parties are taking over natural resources, including land, in the name of development leading to scarcity of food.

·                The corrupt govt. ministers and officials who only think of them, don’t take any action to counter crop lost due to floods or droughts. They do not work on the methods to avoid price rise in case of less supply of the food grains.

·                The corruption has also lead to the rise of the middlemans who share the loot of the food prices. The farmers who grow food grains never gets good price. However the same food grain is available on high rate in the market. High rate of food grain lead to the less consumption of food by the poors keeping them hungry. Hunger leads to diseases like malnutrition and Anemia.

No people should die for hunger. This will possible only if corruptions at all levels are eradicated. Removal or elimination of corruption could be a possible in short time but by the following measures we can reduce it.

·         by educating people

·         by more young men from good educated backgrounds involving themselves into politics

·         by encouraging people to speak up whenever they see injustice or corruption any where its there countrty its my country its ours....

·         departments should opened to look over the flaws in the system and random actions should be taken .

·         By making strong laws against corruption

UNIT 7: Disaster Management

Disaster Management

Q: From which year was awareness about disaster started by the U.N.O?

Ans :  1990-2000.

Q: Which Indian organization is contributing to disaster management?

Ans : Home Ministry, Central Aid and Rehabilitation Department.

Q:  In which year was a course on disaster management included in the CBSE curriculum.

Ans : 2005

Q: What would you do if during a disaster electricity fails?

Ans : There should be an alternative provision for it. Solar energy and other such kind of energy should be utilized for it.

Q: Do you see any change of mind in the case of residents of disaster affected areas?       

Ans : Can be possible                             

Q: What is the role of regional disaster management?  

Ans : Map of hazardous zone

Q: What do you mean by disaster management? Explain.

Ans: A disaster, whether it is a man made or due to natural causes, may have devastating effects, We cannot stop the loss or damage caused by disaster. But it can be reduced to some extent. This is called disaster management. Disaster is a sudden occurrence and it does not give any kind of warning before its occurrence. Earthquakes, floods, soil erosion, big industrial accident, deforestation caused by fire, volcanic eruption, cyclical storm, cyclical sea waves, hail storm, Tsunami Tides, thunder­storm, drought, terrorist attack, natural or man made accidents are all different forms of disaster. Men's varicc s activities are to some extent responsible for the occurrence of a disaster that causes loss or damage to lives and property But precautions/preventions if taken in advance can reduce the impact of disaster to some extent. For this we should take methodical and pre-planned steps. Skilled planning can also prevent in reducing the impact of disaster. Different kinds of disaster need different measures or precautions to prevent or reduce their impact. The U.N.O in 19-87 took a very important proposal in this regard. According to this proposal, the 1990-2000 decade was declared as the International Natural Disaster Prevention decade, this proposal consists of the following:

a.     Every state should increase its capability of predicting a disaster and organizing its management.

b.     The loss or damage caused by Natural disaster should be minimized. The present and future scientific measures for prediction of such disasters should be expanded.

c.     Analysis of natural disaster, its solution and future prediction should be given the priority..

d.     There should be a provision of possible guidelines and planning regarding disaster management.

Q: Write a short note on the measures to be taken during a disaster.

Ans: There should be proper planning for the post disaster measures so that the loss can be minimized. Some of the steps that are to be taken after a disaster are—

a.     To rescue people from the calamity as fast as possible (ii) To identify the living, injured and the dead people and to keep their records.

b.     To keep the communication network" from getting disrupted. To guard against the possible theft of essential articles.

c.     To arrange temporary relief camps and to provide drinking water, medicine and electricity.

d.     To ensure the supply of essential things like food, woolen/ warm clothes, bedding, utensils etc.

e.     To ensure adequate transport facilities in the affected areas. To check the loss of lives and damage.

f.      To arrange the rehabilitation of the affected people and to take steps to bring back normalcy.

g.     To prepare a detailed report of loss and damage.

Relief Camps: Establishing and organizing relief camps after a disaster takes place is very important. The affected people need special help for rehabilitation after a disaster. For instance, after a disaster, first aid, drinking water, food, seeds for cultivation etc are some of the important items needed by the disaster affected people. Under these circumstances the government and NGOs should act together in organizing the relief camps and the government should provide the necessary first aid, relief materials, rescue materials, food and medicines to the organizations managing the relief camps.

Resources: During the disaster period the flow of required funds to deal with the loss and destruction will depend on the supply of the funds by the public and private organizations. To ensure the flow of . funds in the post disaster periods the following steps need to be taken:

a.     Every government should have some special funds to be spent for relief measures for disaster.

b.     It should be strictly monitored so that the funds are. utilized only for the disaster affected areas and for the specific purpose. The amount offund needed for pre- disaster and post disaster periods will be determined by proper guidelines

c.     Special insurance schemes should be made for disaster prone areas.

d.     Special funds are to be allotted for relief measures (v) The various industrial and commercial organizations, educational institutions ,private companies etc are to be encouraged for forming relief funds.

e.     The financial institutions disbursing loans for constructing houses should ensure that necessary precautions are taken in constructing house.        

Things that are Needed During a Disaster : During the post disaster "period certain essential things are required and providing these essential things is one of the major tasks. Some of the essential things are- food, water bottles, warm cloths, radio, paper, pen, old newspapers, soap, tooth paste, tooth brush, things that are used by small kids, heavy shoes, candle, knife, etc.

To provide, the above mentioned things, disaster management committees should appoint some organizations and trained workers who can act and distribute the relief materials as per requirement to the victims.

Providing Relief after a Disaster: To provide relief after a disaster is the primary responsibility of the National Crisis Management Committee under the central Government. Apart from that, various social groups and organizations have been playing an important role. It is essential to have co-ordination among all these groups to mitigate a disaster. Particular attention is to be given to the following in the post disaster period:

(i) Improvement in transport and communication

(ii) Providing safe drinking water

(iii) Maintaining proper electricity, telephone and sanitation

(iv) Managing the required food, shelter and clothes,

(v) To keep accurate account of loss and damage

(vi) To ensure the supply of seeds for cultivation and other facilities.

Q: What is an emergency aid? Discuss some emergency aids during a disaster?

Ans : After a natural disaster, emergency services should be provided to the living and the injured people or animals who are badly affected by disaster. Whether an earthquake or any other form of disaster occurs or not, the level of preparedness of the disaster management authority department depends on how they keep ready the materials for rescue operations, how the damage or loss of lives is controlled and hotf? far they could-'4flswe the supply of drinking water, electricity, first aid; public relation and emergency services.

(i) Supply of Water: In case-of disaster, like flood, supply of drinking water is necessary and for that the mouth of the tube well should be closed and bleaching powder is to be put in the well etc. Water should be taken after boiling and if required alternative wafer supply is to be arranged.

(ii) Supply of Electricity: Usually electricity is disrupted during and after the disaster Therefore there should be an alternative provision for it. Alternative sources of power such as solar energy should be utilized for it. Electricity should be restored immediately. The electricity department should be prepared to restore.etectricitjvFor this, special training should be given to the employees. During a disaster, there is a possibility of short circuit to avoid that the buildings should have provision for fire - extinguishers. If possible, the supply of electricity should be stopped for that period. Torch light should be kept ready by everyone so that it can be used during the disaster. Additional battery set, torch light, hurricane lamp are to be kept ready.

(iii) Infrastructure: Generally, during a disaster, infrastructures and the roads in particular suffer extensive damage. In case of Assam, flood affects the roads and causes communication problems. Storm destroys me newly built roads. Therefore life Public Works Department should remainprepared to face such an eventuality of loss or damage caused by hazards. The earthquake in 1950 in Assam brought massive destruction to the railway tracks and caused big craters on the roads. The engineers and the staff of the PWD Department should be given proper training to remain vigilant against disasters and it is one of the important aspects of disaster management.

(iv) Relief Camps: After a disaster organizing relief camps and their- management become absolutely necessary. In particular during floods, shifting the flood affected people) and animals to higher grounds is imperative. Volunteer groups] should be formed for managing the relief camps,. Separate toilets for males and females, drinking water, medicine, bleaching powder, brooms, tent, dry food, gas lamp, torch etc are; necessary. These are the some of the things are to be arranged. The names of the refugees in relief camps should be systematically recorded. Special care needs to be taken fox-women ,children, elderly persons and who are sick.

(v) First Aid : Sudden disaster causes loss of human lives, physical injuries, and also diseases. Sometimes dispensaries are also affected. So to mitigate such disaster, some medicines and trained staff should be made ready.. First aid kit should be kept ready and such kits contain: Cotton cloth and pashmina cloth

(a)    Adhesive tape

(b)   Crepe Bandage

(c)    Sterile dressing

(d)   Triangular Bandage

(e) Thermometer

(f)    Scissor

(g) Glasses/ Gloves

(h) Soap

(i) Pain reliever

(j) Antacid

(k) ORS Packet

Along with the doctor, there should be an ambulance. If required, provision should be there to shift patients from relief camps to hospitals for better treatment. It is essential to form a group for prevention of contagious diseases and the members should be given proper training for the purpose. Besides, necessary food items are to be kept in store for future use if an epidemic occurs.

Q: Explain with examples the role of voluntary organizations and the society in general in disaster management?

Ans : In order to survive at the time of disasters it is important for the various communities in the society to remain alert. In this case, the NGOs are expected to take important steps. Those who are engaged in disaster management are to be properly trained and well prepared. In this respect the participation of voluntary organizations, NGOs and sections of the society may make positive impact. The voluntary organizations and the different communities need to share mutual cooperation for this. For its effective implementation the concerned people are to be particularly responsible for and aware about the immediate rescue operations , rehabilitation and improvement of the environment. For this is needed a year long plan of action as well as the competence to tackle the situation immediately. The voluntary organizations should remain ever ready to create an awareness among the different sections of the society. For example, during the monsoons advance warning about floods about to occur, relief steps to recover the losses etc can be imparted to the people besides ensuring the distribution of relief materials, medicines, seeds and othefrthings. The poor people have to suffer untold miseries during a disaster, caused by destruction of houses and land becoming unfit for cultivation. The voluntary organizations are to extend both long term and short term help in this situation.

Q: Write a short note on Regional Disaster Management and Planning Commission.

Ans : Disaster management in general is a united effort of different departments through effective coordination. National Disaster management involves the planning for preparedness, prediction, warning for disaster, relief and rehabilitation, repair and reconstruction. For this different departments are to be involved at different levels and made ready through proper training for disaster management. The administrators, scientists, planning officers and various sections of the society have to play a vital role in this. Organisations and various social institutions should be engaged in coordinated work before and after a disaster. For this in different levels, training is to be conducted for readiness for a disaster. In this regard, administration, (Science; planning commission, NGO and various communities play a very important role. Already Natural Hazard Management Authority (NHMA) has identified probable hazards and have informed public. This organization of govt, of India has adopted various schemes end works in association with NGOs in this regard. It includes baps of hazardous risk zones, etc. In urban areas, guidelines of hazard proof houses and bridges are to be prepared.