Indus valley civilization

 Indus valley civilization

·       Sir John Marshall first called this culture as Indus civilization.

·       Charles Mason in 1826 mentioned the Harappan mounds.

·       Governer General of India Lord Cunningham did not understand the importance of the Harappan mounds.  

·       J. F. Fleet in the Royal Asiatic Society reported his article on this civilization.

·       Rakhaldas Banerjee was the first person to visit Mohenjodaro.

·       Harappan Civilization was in Bronze Age / Prehistory.

·       Annagar was the biggest building of Mohenjodaro.

·       Bath(स्नानागार) was the most important building of Mohenjodaro.

·       What was the perimeter of the bath - length - 11.89 meters, width - 7 meters, depth - 2.44 meters

·       About 350 sites of this civilization have come to light so far.

·       John Marshall determined the period of Indus Civilization -

·       Dharampal Aggarwal first determined the time on the basis of carbon dating.

·       Alamgirpur in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh are Easternmost site of Indus Civilization.

·       Alamgirpur in Meerut district the Harappan site is situated on the bank of Hindon river.

·       Sutkangdor (Balochistan) is the westernmost site of the Indus civilization.

·       Sutkangedor is called the crossroads of Harappan trade.

·       The sites of Indus civilization in Afghanistan are – Sortughai and Mundigak.

·       Two Harappan sites to the north of the Hindukush Mountains – Sortughai and Mundigak

·       Manda (Akhnoor, Jammu and Kashmir) is the northernmost site of the Indus civilization.

·       Daimabad (Ahmednagar, Maharashtra) is the Southernmost site of Indus civilization.

·       Expansion of Indus civilization from east to west is 1400 km

·       Expansion of Indus civilization from north to south - 1600 km

·       Seven sites of Indus civilization can be called cities.

·       Ports(बंदरगाह) of Indus Civilization – Lothal and Sutkotda

·       In Sutkotada the evidences of stone-chosen buildings been found.

·       Kaccha Roads were the main types of roads.

·       Under the leadership of B. B. Lal the excavation of Kalibanga was done.

·       Amalanand Ghosh discovered Kalibanga.  

·       Kalibanga was in Ganganagar /Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan.

·       Kalibanga is considered by some scholars to be the third capital of the Indus civilization.

·       Literal meaning of Kalibanga - Bangles of black color

·       Harappan site which lacks a clear drainage system is Kalibanga

·       From Kalibanga the bifurcation of the fort or fort is found.

·       From Kalibanga seven rectangular sacrificial altars have been found.

·       In Kalibanga the oval grave and the 6 pierced skull of a child has been found.

·       Kalibanga was shaped like a parallelogram.

·       The roads of Kalibanga were found to be paved(Pucca).

·       From Kalibanga the evidence of wooden drains has been found.

·       Camel bones have been found in Kalibanga

·       From Harappan site Kalibanga the three methods of funeral rites have been found.

·       The shape of a dam is found on the seals(मोहर) in Kalibanga

·       Cow, Camel, Horse were not marked on the seals.

·       Peepal has got the maximum marking on the seals.

·       A horned animal has got the highest marking after Peepal on the seals.

·       From Kalibanga a bronze statue of a Taurus has been found in aggressive posture.

·       The main road was called – Rajpath or First Road

·       Harappa city in Harappan site was called the city of archways(Gates).

·       Sparrow’s figurines(मूर्ति) have been found the most among birds.

·       Bull with hump figurines have been found the most among animals.

·       In Gujarat state most sites were excavated after independence.

·       Sir John Marshall was in charge of excavation of Harappa and Mohenjodaro.

·       People of civilization did not used canals for irrigation.

·       Exceptionally, from which one site the evidence of canals has been found - from Shortghai

·       Harappa is called the semi-industrial city of Indus civilization.-

·       S. R. Rao discovered Lothal.

·       Lothal was discovered at the confluence of Savarmati and Bhogwa rivers in Gujarat.

·       S. R. Rao called Lothal as Mini Harappa or Mini Mohenjodaro.

·       From Lothal the statue of horse has been received.

·       From Lothal and Kalibanga the fire pit has been obtained.

·       In Lothal the figure of the driving fox of Panchatantra been obtained.

·       From Lothal and Kalibanga the evidence of pair burial has been received.

·       From Lothal the evidence of goat buried with the owner has been found.

·       From Sutkotda, Kalibanga, Lothal bones of the horse have been found.

·       From Lothal three pairs of dead bodies have been received.

·       Evidence of wood granaries has been found from Lothal.

·       Lothal had direct trade with Egypt and Mesopotamia.

·       The windows and doors of the houses of only one site opened towards the main road. That site was Lothal.

·       From Lothal the Persian Gulf type of seal has been found.

·       From Rangpur and Lothal the evidence of cultivation of paddy (rice grains) has been received.  

·       The statue of Gorilla has been found in Lothal

·       The clay toy boat has been found in Lothal

·       Literal meaning of Dholavira is White well

·       From Dholavira in site of Harappa, advanced water management system has been discovered.

·       Evidence of a pond has been found from Dholavira .

·       From Dholavira the stone idol of mongoose has been found.

·       From Dholavira, only place the evidence of stadium / playground has been received.

·       Second largest settlement of Harappan civilization located in India is Dholavira

·       The inhabitants of Dholavira were familiar with the technique of water conservation.

·       Dholavira is situated between Manhar and Mansehar rivers in Gujarat.

·       Red color is commonly used on Harappan earthenware.

·       Piggatt called Harappa and Mohenjodaro the twin capitals of the Indus Civilization.

·       Mohenjodaro looks like a spiritual city.

·       Mohenjodaro in Harappan site is also known as the Garden of the Desert .

·       Mohenjodaro in Harappan site is also known as the city of stupas.

·       From Mohenjodaro Shilajit was found.

·       A seal found from Mohenjodaro depicts Sumerian boats.

·       From Mohenjodaro the copper hair pin was found.

·       From Mohenjodaro the maximum (about 68%) of the seals are obtained from all the sites.

·       The oldest evidence of silver been found from Mohenjodaro.

·       At Mohenjodaro a meeting hall with 20 pillars has been found.

·       The oldest evidence of malaria is found in Mohenjodaro.

·       The bronze statue of a dancer was found in Mohenjodaro.

·       No single graveyards have been received from Mohenjodaro.

·       The idol of the Priest (Pujari) from Mohenjodaro was of Mongoloid race

·       Chanhudaro was excavated under whose leadership of Mackay

·       Chanhudaro in Harappan site was called the industrial city of Indus civilization.

·       From Chanhudaro evidence of the use of cooked drains has been received.

·       From Chanhudaro and Lothal the factory for making beads have been received.

·       From Chanhudaro the remains of culture are found.

·       From Chanhudaro women's cosmetics have been obtained.

·       From Chanhudaro the evidence of lipstick has been found.

·       From the grave of Mehi a copper mirror in the shape of a headless woman has been found.

·       Garden Child called the Indus Civilization the 'First Urban Revolution'  

·       Garden Child considered the Aryan invasion to be the cause of the decline of civilization.

·       People of Indus civilization used Honey for sweetness.

·       The method on which the cities were built – Chessboard/Chess or Grid system

·       Amalanand Ghosh discovered the pottery of Sothi culture.

·       The cemetery located outside the settlement in Harappa was called R-37.

·       The mausoleum(समाधि ) located outside the settlement in Harappa was called H. R. Samadhi.

·       The distance between Harappa and Mohenjodaro is 640 km

·       Jagpati Joshi discovered Sutkotada.  

·       In Sutkotada the evidence of Kalash cremation has been received.

·       Harappan site on the banks of river Chenab in Jammu and Kashmir is Manda

·       Bronze alloy was made by the people of civilization.

·       The people of the civilization have knowledge of about 9 crops.

·       From Harappa the sculptures of fish tortoise and alligator have been found.

·       The Harappan site in Ludhiana is Sanghol.

·       The centers of oyster industry – Balakot and Lothal

·       Famous port city for oyster industry is Balakot

·       Harappan site Rangpur is on the banks of river Madar in Gujarat.

·       On the bank of river Bindar the Harappan site Balakot was situated.

·       From Harappan site Kunal the silver crown was found.

·       In Harappan site Kuntasi evidence of rings has been found.

·       Bull with hump was especially respected for the people of civilization.

·       Under R. S. Bisht’s leadership the excavation of Banawali was done.

·       Harappan site Banawali is called the city of rich people -

·       The site representing the three levels of the Indus civilization (Prak, Vikas, Uttar) is Banawali

·       Agnivedis and earthen solution have been received from Banawali

·       B. B. Lal discovered Ropar.

·       Ropar was mined under Yagyadutt Sharma’s leadership.

·       Harappan site on the left bank of river Sutlej is Ropar.

·       First Harappan site excavated after independence was Ropar

·       In Ropar the evidence of burying the dog with the owner been found -

·       What was the clay baked in the fire called - Terracotta

·       From Harappan site, Rozdi elephant remains have been found.

·       Evidence of mint house has been found from Harappan site Mandi

·       Mother Goddess worship was most prevalent in this civilization.

·       Dilmun (Bahrain Island) was the middleman in the trade between the Indus civilization and Mesopotamia.

·       From Harappan site Mitathal the copper ax has been found.

·       In Harappa an idol was found showing a plant coming out of the womb.

·       The idols of women filled with vermilion in demand is from Nausaro

·       People of civilization get Lajvard gem, silver and tin from Afghanistan

·       From Gujarat onyx was obtained for making bead.

·       From which place has the silver jewelry been found - Ur

·       What is the type of Sandhav script – pictorial

·       Largest Harappan site in India is Rakhigarhi

·       Gold was obtained from - Kolar mine (Mysore/Karnataka)

·       Apart from Rajasthan, copper was imported from Oman.

·       Hulas has a clear evidence of Wheat Cultivation.

·       The rule of the Harappan civilization was possibly in the hands of the merchant class

·       From Mandi the largest quantity of gold coins have been received.

·       Most seals are made of Selkhadi

·       Pictographic / pictograph was the script of the language of Indus civilization.

·       Boostronfaden was the script system of Indus Civilization.

·       People of Indus Civilization did not know about Iron.

·       In the southwest direction was the drainage system of the bathhouse.

·       In North and South directions were the stairs of the bathroom

·       From which stone their watts were built - Chert

·       In what ratio was the unit of weight possible - in the ratio of 16.