Indus valley civilization
· Sir
John Marshall first called this culture as Indus
civilization.
·
Charles Mason
in 1826 mentioned the Harappan mounds.
· Governer
General of India Lord Cunningham did not understand the importance of the
Harappan mounds.
· J.
F. Fleet in the Royal Asiatic Society reported his article on
this civilization.
· Rakhaldas
Banerjee was the first person to visit Mohenjodaro.
· Harappan
Civilization was in Bronze Age / Prehistory.
· Annagar was
the biggest building of Mohenjodaro.
· Bath(स्नानागार) was
the most important building of Mohenjodaro.
· What
was the perimeter of the bath - length - 11.89 meters, width - 7 meters,
depth - 2.44 meters
· About
350 sites of this civilization have come to light so far.
· John
Marshall determined the period of Indus Civilization -
· Dharampal
Aggarwal first determined the time on the basis of carbon
dating.
· Alamgirpur
in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh are Easternmost site of Indus
Civilization.
· Alamgirpur
in Meerut district the Harappan site is situated on the bank of Hindon river.
· Sutkangdor
(Balochistan) is the westernmost site of the Indus
civilization.
· Sutkangedor
is
called the crossroads of Harappan trade.
· The
sites of Indus civilization in Afghanistan are – Sortughai and Mundigak.
· Two
Harappan sites to the north of the Hindukush Mountains – Sortughai and
Mundigak
· Manda
(Akhnoor, Jammu and Kashmir) is the northernmost site
of the Indus civilization.
· Daimabad
(Ahmednagar, Maharashtra) is the Southernmost site of Indus
civilization.
· Expansion
of Indus civilization from east to west is 1400 km
· Expansion
of Indus civilization from north to south - 1600 km
· Seven
sites of Indus civilization can be called cities.
· Ports(बंदरगाह) of Indus Civilization – Lothal
and Sutkotda
· In
Sutkotada the evidences of stone-chosen buildings been found.
· Kaccha
Roads were the main types of roads.
· Under
the leadership of B. B. Lal the excavation of Kalibanga was done.
· Amalanand
Ghosh discovered Kalibanga.
· Kalibanga
was in Ganganagar /Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan.
· Kalibanga
is considered by some scholars to be the third capital of the Indus
civilization.
· Literal
meaning of Kalibanga - Bangles of black color
· Harappan
site which lacks a clear drainage system is Kalibanga
· From
Kalibanga the bifurcation of the fort or fort is found.
· From
Kalibanga seven rectangular sacrificial altars have been found.
· In
Kalibanga the oval grave and the 6 pierced skull of a child has been
found.
· Kalibanga
was shaped like a parallelogram.
· The
roads of Kalibanga were found to be paved(Pucca).
· From
Kalibanga the evidence of wooden drains has been found.
· Camel
bones have been found in Kalibanga
· From
Harappan site Kalibanga the three methods of funeral rites have
been found.
· The
shape of a dam is found on the seals(मोहर)
in
Kalibanga
· Cow,
Camel, Horse were not marked on the seals.
· Peepal
has got the maximum marking on the seals.
· A
horned animal has got the highest marking after Peepal
on the seals.
· From
Kalibanga a bronze statue of a Taurus has been found in
aggressive posture.
· The
main road was called – Rajpath or First Road
· Harappa
city in Harappan site was called the city of archways(Gates).
· Sparrow’s
figurines(मूर्ति)
have
been found the most among birds.
· Bull
with hump figurines have been found the most among animals.
· In
Gujarat state most sites were excavated after independence.
· Sir
John Marshall was in charge of excavation of Harappa
and Mohenjodaro.
· People
of civilization did not used canals for irrigation.
· Exceptionally,
from which one site the evidence of canals has been found - from Shortghai
· Harappa
is
called the semi-industrial city of Indus civilization.-
· S.
R. Rao discovered Lothal.
· Lothal
was
discovered at the confluence of Savarmati and Bhogwa rivers in Gujarat.
· S.
R. Rao called Lothal as Mini Harappa or Mini
Mohenjodaro.
· From
Lothal the statue of horse has been received.
· From
Lothal and Kalibanga the fire pit has been obtained.
· In
Lothal the figure of the driving fox of Panchatantra been obtained.
· From
Lothal and Kalibanga the evidence of pair burial has been received.
· From
Lothal the evidence of goat buried with the owner has been found.
· From
Sutkotda, Kalibanga, Lothal bones of the horse have been found.
· From
Lothal three pairs of dead bodies have been received.
· Evidence
of wood granaries has been found from Lothal.
· Lothal
had
direct trade with Egypt and Mesopotamia.
· The
windows and doors of the houses of only one site opened towards the main road.
That site was Lothal.
· From
Lothal the Persian Gulf type of seal has been found.
· From
Rangpur and Lothal the evidence of cultivation of paddy (rice grains)
has been received.
· The
statue of Gorilla has been found in Lothal
· The
clay toy boat has been found in Lothal
· Literal
meaning of Dholavira is White well
· From
Dholavira in site of Harappa, advanced water management system
has been discovered.
· Evidence
of a pond has been found from Dholavira .
· From
Dholavira the stone idol of mongoose has been found.
· From
Dholavira, only place the evidence of stadium / playground has been
received.
· Second
largest settlement of Harappan civilization located in India is Dholavira
· The
inhabitants of Dholavira were familiar with the technique of water
conservation.
· Dholavira
is
situated between Manhar and Mansehar rivers in Gujarat.
· Red color
is commonly used on Harappan earthenware.
· Piggatt
called
Harappa and Mohenjodaro the twin capitals of the Indus Civilization.
· Mohenjodaro
looks like a spiritual city.
·
Mohenjodaro in
Harappan site is also known as the Garden of the Desert .
· Mohenjodaro in
Harappan site is also known as the city of stupas.
· From
Mohenjodaro Shilajit was found.
· A
seal found from Mohenjodaro depicts Sumerian boats.
· From
Mohenjodaro the copper hair pin was found.
· From
Mohenjodaro the maximum (about 68%) of the seals are obtained from all
the sites.
· The
oldest evidence of silver been found from Mohenjodaro.
· At
Mohenjodaro a meeting hall with 20 pillars has been found.
· The
oldest evidence of malaria is found in Mohenjodaro.
· The
bronze statue of a dancer was found in Mohenjodaro.
· No
single graveyards have been received from Mohenjodaro.
·
The idol of the Priest (Pujari)
from Mohenjodaro was of Mongoloid race
· Chanhudaro
was excavated under whose leadership of Mackay
· Chanhudaro
in
Harappan site was called the industrial city of Indus civilization.
· From
Chanhudaro evidence of the use of cooked drains has been received.
· From
Chanhudaro and Lothal the factory for making beads have been received.
· From
Chanhudaro the remains of culture are found.
· From
Chanhudaro women's cosmetics have been obtained.
· From
Chanhudaro the evidence of lipstick has been found.
· From
the grave of Mehi a copper mirror in the shape of a headless woman has been
found.
· Garden
Child called the Indus Civilization the 'First Urban
Revolution'
· Garden
Child considered the Aryan invasion to be the cause of the
decline of civilization.
· People
of Indus civilization used Honey for sweetness.
·
The method on which the cities were built
– Chessboard/Chess or Grid system
· Amalanand
Ghosh discovered the pottery of Sothi culture.
· The
cemetery located outside the settlement in Harappa was called R-37.
· The
mausoleum(समाधि )
located outside the settlement in Harappa was called H. R. Samadhi.
· The
distance between Harappa and Mohenjodaro is 640 km
· Jagpati
Joshi discovered Sutkotada.
· In
Sutkotada the evidence of Kalash cremation has been received.
· Harappan
site on the banks of river Chenab in Jammu and Kashmir is Manda
· Bronze
alloy was made by the people of civilization.
· The
people of the civilization have knowledge of about 9 crops.
· From
Harappa the sculptures of fish tortoise and alligator have been found.
· The
Harappan site in Ludhiana is Sanghol.
· The
centers of oyster industry – Balakot and Lothal
· Famous
port city for oyster industry is Balakot
· Harappan
site Rangpur is on the banks of river Madar in Gujarat.
· On
the bank of river Bindar the Harappan site Balakot was situated.
· From
Harappan site Kunal the silver crown was found.
· In
Harappan site Kuntasi evidence of rings has been found.
· Bull
with hump was especially respected for the people of
civilization.
· Under
R. S. Bisht’s leadership the excavation of Banawali was done.
· Harappan
site Banawali is called the city of rich people -
· The
site representing the three levels of the Indus civilization (Prak, Vikas,
Uttar) is Banawali
· Agnivedis
and earthen solution have been received from Banawali
· B.
B. Lal discovered Ropar.
· Ropar
was
mined under Yagyadutt Sharma’s leadership.
· Harappan
site on the left bank of river Sutlej is Ropar.
· First
Harappan site excavated after independence was Ropar
· In
Ropar the evidence of burying the dog with the owner been found -
· What
was the clay baked in the fire called - Terracotta
· From
Harappan site, Rozdi elephant remains have been found.
· Evidence
of mint house has been found from Harappan site Mandi
· Mother
Goddess worship was most prevalent in this civilization.
· Dilmun
(Bahrain Island) was the middleman in the trade between
the Indus civilization and Mesopotamia.
· From
Harappan site Mitathal the copper ax has been found.
· In
Harappa an idol was found showing a plant coming out of the womb.
· The
idols of women filled with vermilion in demand is from Nausaro
· People
of civilization get Lajvard gem, silver and tin from Afghanistan
· From
Gujarat onyx was obtained for making bead.
· From
which place has the silver jewelry been found - Ur
· What
is the type of Sandhav script – pictorial
· Largest
Harappan site in India is Rakhigarhi
· Gold
was obtained from - Kolar mine (Mysore/Karnataka)
· Apart
from Rajasthan, copper was imported from Oman.
· Hulas has
a clear evidence of Wheat Cultivation.
· The
rule of the Harappan civilization was possibly in the hands of the merchant
class
· From
Mandi the largest quantity of gold coins have been received.
· Most
seals are made of Selkhadi
· Pictographic
/ pictograph was the script of the language of Indus
civilization.
· Boostronfaden was
the script system of Indus Civilization.
· People
of Indus Civilization did not know about Iron.
· In
the southwest direction was the drainage system of the bathhouse.
· In
North and South directions were the stairs of the bathroom
· From
which stone their watts were built - Chert
· In
what ratio was the unit of weight possible - in the ratio of 16.