EDUCATION: ASSIGNMENT
Sem I (2013-14)
Q:1
Answer the Questions in 50 Words. 2
x 4 = 8
i)
What do you mean
by education?
Ans: Different
Philosophers have described the term differently but in broad sense, education
refers to any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind,
character, or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense
education is the process by which society, through schools, colleges,
universities, and other institutions, deliberately transmits its cultural
heritage–its accumulated knowledge, values, and skills–from one generation to
another.
ii)
Explain in your
words why is it necessary to have aim of education?
Ans: Education without aim will lead to nowhere. Efforts
in education can be directed properly only if we have information about aims. As
it is a planned and organized activity, aim in Education give direction to the
activities, motivate the teachers, helps them to guide in the teaching-learning process, helps to assess the outcome, help the School officials in organizing,
equipping and administering the school efficiently. Above all it helps to carry
on the process of education in smooth way.
iii)
What do you mean
by Educational Heritage?
Ans: Educational Heritage is something
which is very valuable comprising of movable and immovable resources of
artistic, literary, architectural, historical, archaeological, ethnological and
scientific value. It can either be
Tangible or Intangible Heritage. Tangible educational Heritage includes
archaeological, architectural, monuments and other physical items. Whereas
Intangible educational Heritage includes culture, thoughts, belifs, tradition,
living style, rituals, various skills, myths etc.
iv) How
would you like to define curriculum?
Ans: Curriculum is an important element of education. It is planned activities
or school programmes, concerning knowledge, experiences, activities, skills and
values which help in the all-round development of a student under the direction
of school. The different school programmes are jointly known as curriculum.
According to educationist Cunningham “Curriculum is a tool in the hands of the
artist (teacher) to mould his material (pupils) according to his ideas (aims
and objectives) in his studio (school)”.
Q:2
Answer the Questions in 75 Words. 3 X 4 = 12
i)
How will you explain the meaning of
education in its narrower sense?
Ans: Education in narrower sense is the kind of education which implies imparting
information, giving instruction, schooling, training, making people literate,
teaching, preparing for a trade or vocation. It is in the mode of reading,
writing and arithmetic knowledge and is generally confined to school, college
and university instruction. The scope of education is very narrow here.
Education starts when the child gets admission in the school and ends when he
leaves school, college or university. Famous educational thinker S.S. Mackenzi
has described narrow meaning of Education as
“in the narrow sense, education may be taken to mean any consciously
directed effort to develop and cultivate powers".
ii)
Mention three major points of criticism
raised against individual aim of education.
Ans:
The individual aim of education is often criticized.
Three important points of criticism are-
a.
Individual aim of
education encourages the individual’s feelings of superiority complex, immoral
behaviour and unhealthy attitudes in the child. The encouragement to
individualism will make the society suffer.
b.
Individual aim of
education ignores the influence of socio-cultural environments and insist only
on the natural potentialities. A child will not develop human personality
without cultural values.
c. Individual aim emphasizes the individual development of
the child, but it is not possible to formulate aims and construct curriculum
and teaching method for each child.
iii)
School is a miniature society. Explain.
Ans: According to educationists Dewey, the school
is the society itself. Each classroom is a community in which the members must
comply with the norms of society. The students in a school represent a wide
cross-section of the society at large, cutting across barriers of economy,
class, religion, colour or creed. In the school, socialization takes place for
the first time. That is the child starts learning to live with others, share
their sorrows and happiness; take the qualities of cooperation, tolerance,
love, friendship and sympathy which is very necessary in a society. So school
represents a mini society.
iv)
Discuss three defects of Curriculum
pointed out by Secondary Education Commission.
Ans:
The Secondary Education Commission has analysed the traditional curriculum and
pointed out the following defects in the traditional Curriculum.
a. Narrowly
conceived: The existing curriculum is narrowly
conceived. It only prepares the children for college education and not for
life. The subjects included in the curriculum have no relevance to life in
society.
b. Bookish
Knowledge: The
students do not learn beyond their prescribed books. The practical application
of knowledge is not stressed.
c. No
provision for technical and vocational education:
The traditional school curriculum relates to academic work and has no provision
for technical and vocational education which is the need of the time.
Q:3
Answer the Questions in 150 Words. 5 X 2 = 10
i)
Mention some principles which you like
to choose as the best principles for curriculum construction at secondary
level.
Ans: The basic principles of curriculum
construction which I want to choose recommended by Secondary Education
Commission are as follows:
a.
Principle of Totality of Experience: According
to the principle, the curriculum should include all types of experiences in the
school. Along with the academic subjects, it must have the totality of
experiences that a pupil receives through activities in the school, in the
class-room, library, laboratory, workshop, play-ground etc.
b.
Principle of Variety and Elasticity: The
curriculum should include activities and subjects according to the different
types of pupils and their individual needs and interests.
c.
Principle of Relating to Community Life:
The
curriculum must be related to life around the child. There should be community
oriented programmes in the school so that the child feels himself as an
integral part of the local community.
d.
Principle of Training or Leisure:
The curriculum should be framed to train pupils, not only for work but also for
leisure. There should be a number of activities-social, aesthetic, sports etc.
which should cultivate varied interests and hobbies in the students.
ii)
Why is school said to be an agency of
social change? Why do you think that the relationship between school and a
community is essential?
Ans:
School is said to be an agency of social change because it prepares the future
citizens who are responsible for the existence of a healthy society. School helps in
developing and cultivating good and higher values like truth, sympathy, love,
cooperation, etc. in child. Through different social interactions and moral
teachings, it spreads the message of righteous living in a society. Schoolchild
learns the lessons of social duty, responsibilities and understanding the
feelings of others. So school helps in social change and social control. School
creates the first civic society for the child. So child learns the duty and
civic rights for the country as a responsible citizen. So school trains the
lessons of citizenship to a child.
The community and school
interdependence has immense importance in the development of both child and the
society. The main purpose of the school is to prepare better citizens through
its curriculum. The school prepares the curriculum which is based on the
necessities of the community. The child also receives educational experiences
form the community he belongs to. Community and School both cannot run in
isolation. So it is essential that relationship between them remain strong.
Q:4
Answer the following Questions in 300 Words. 10
X 2 = 20
i) What
are the different types of Education? Write briefly on formal, Informal and
Non-formal Education.
Ans: Educationists
have classified education in 3 categories- 1) Formal 2) Informal and 3)
Non-formal. Formal education means education provided by schools and colleges.
Informal education is imparted informally by various agencies or societies and
Non formal education is neither formal nor informal.
Formal Education:
Formal education may be defined as process of teaching which involves
supervision, instruction, set plan, definite aims and principles. It is pre
planned and it is given in school, college and similar other institutions which
are established with the purpose. It is limited to a specific period or stage.
It is provided according to certain set rule and regulations. It is in the form
of systematic, planned and guided instruction. Formal education has a
well-defined and systematic curriculum. This curriculum is based on certain
aims and objectives. These aims are in conformity with the needs of the society
and the state.
Informal Education: Informal Education is the process, by which a
person takes attitudes, develops skills, cultivates values and acquires
knowledge, without going to any institution, school or colleges. It is neither
pre-planned nor deliberate. The child learns many habits, manners and patterns
while living with others or moving in different spheres like home, society,
groups etc. Informal education is incidents and spontaneous. There is no
conscious effort involved in it. Courtesies gentleness, etc. amount to informal
education. There is no set curriculum required. Informal education consists in
experiences and actual living in the family or community. Informal education
may take to negative direction also. For eg. Misbehaviour, stealing etc.
Non Formal Education: Non-formal Education is a organized
systematic educational activity carried outside the framework of the
established formal system. Non-formal education emerged when it becomes clear
that the formal education system had defects.
Non-formal education is offered at the convenient place, time and level
of understanding or mental growth of children and adult. Non-formal education is structured and
planned but outside the sphere of formal education. is Non-competitive. It is programmed to serve
the needs of a homogeneous group. It is non-competitive and possesses
flexibility in design of the curriculum and process of evaluation.
ii) Discuss
the different roles played by different educational institutions in ancient
India?
Ans:
Education during ancient period was not so well organised as in the present day
.But these indigenous institutions in India played an important role in
imparting education to the mass.
·
The Gurukula: In this system student stay with their Guru away from
home. The Guru used to give liberal education based on spiritualism and
religion. The students were to live and do everything under the supervision of
the Guru.
·
Monastery: Buddhist education was centered round a monastery.
There were some private teachers who took ten to fifteen children & taught
them in their houses. The rise of educational institutions may be attributed to
the influence of Buddhism.. The monastery or Vihara was under an Acharyas.
·
Parishad: During the Vedic period the scholars, philosophers and
intellectual people used to get together by forming a study-circle of high
standard known as parishad. The main objective of the Parishad was to develop
knowledge and conception on certain theoretical subjects, on necessary
consultation and exchange of ideas among the intellectuals.
·
Lower Madrassa
and Higher Madrassa: These were Islamic
educational institutions at the secondary and college level respectively. The
subjects like Grammar, Literature, Persian, Arabic, Geometry, Economics and
History were taught at the lower Madrasa and Philosophy, Metaphysics,
Arithmetic, Advance Geometry, Sciences, Medicine and Engineering etc. were
taught in the Higher Madrassa.
·
Pathsala: Learning at the lower level specifically for Hindu
children was done in pathshala. Subjects like language study, grammar,
arithmetic, accountancy social studies, moral lessons etc. were taught in these
institutions.
·
Tols: Tols nows-a-days can be compared with the college
education at present. It was the special higher educational institute of the
Hindus. Besides the Veda, religion, art, mathematics & science were also
taught at the tols.
·
Satra: Satras are the socio-cultural centers
of education built on religious and spiritual sentiment. The religious
disciples used to get education & instruction for living the ideal life of
Vaishnaba. They learnt simplicity, nobility, sincerity, obedience, tolerance
& other virtues.
·
Namghar: Namghar, literally means "house
of prayer" is a place of community gathering for religious and social
purposes especially in Assam. Namghar has a role in promoting educational
activities as and when required, for which it can be called the centre of adult
or social education.
Moja note
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